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Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System Review Practice Test Answers

Written By Monday, April 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Children are fascinated by the workings of the digestive system: they relish crunching a potato bit, please in making "mustaches" with milk, and giggle when their stomach growls. As adults, nosotros know that a healthy digestive system is essential for good health because it converts nutrient into raw materials that build and fuel our body cells.

Functions of the Digestive Organization

The functions of the digestive arrangement are:

  1. Ingestion. Food must exist placed into the rima oris earlier it tin can be acted on; this is an agile, voluntary procedure called ingestion.
  2. Propulsion. If foods are to be processed by more than than 1 digestive organ, they must exist propelled from i organ to the adjacent; swallowing is one example of nutrient movement that depends largely on the propulsive procedure chosen peristalsis (involuntary, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the organ wall).
  3. Food breakdown: mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion prepares nutrient for farther deposition past enzymes by physically fragmenting the foods into smaller pieces, and examples of mechanical digestion are: mixing of food in the oral cavity past the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation in the small intestine.
  4. Food breakdown: chemical digestion. The sequence of steps in which the large food molecules are broken downwards into their edifice blocks past enzymes is called chemical digestion.
  5. Absorption. Send of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph is absorption, and for absorption to happen, the digested foods must first enter the mucosal cells past active or passive transport processes.
  6. Defecation. Defecation is the elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces.

Anatomy of the Digestive System

The organs of the digestive system tin be separated into two main groups: those forming the comestible culvert and the accompaniment digestive organs.

Organs of the Alimentary canal

The alimentary canal, besides chosen the alimentary canal, is a continuous, hollow muscular tube that winds through the ventral body cavity and is open up at both ends. Its organs include the following:

Oral cavity

Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth, or rima oris, a mucous membrane-lined cavity.

  • Lips. The lips (labia) protect its anterior opening.
  • Cheeks. The cheeks grade its lateral walls.
  • Palate. The hard palate forms its anterior roof, and the soft palate forms its posterior roof.
  • Uvula. The uvula is a fleshy finger-like projection of the soft palate, which extends inferiorly from the posterior border of the soft palate.
  • Entrance hall. The infinite between the lips and the cheeks externally and the teeth and gums internally is the antechamber.
  • Oral cavity proper. The area independent by the teeth is the oral cavity proper.
  • Tongue. The muscular natural language occupies the flooring of the mouth and has several bony attachments- two of these are to the hyoid bone and the styloid processes of the skull.
  • Lingual frenulum. The lingual frenulum, a fold of mucous membrane, secures the tongue to the flooring of the mouth and limits its posterior movements.
  • Palatine tonsils. At the posterior end of the oral cavity are paired masses of lymphatic tissue, the palatine tonsils.
  • Lingual tonsil. The lingual tonsils embrace the base of the tongue merely beyond.

Pharynx

From the mouth, nutrient passes posteriorly into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

  • Oropharynx. The oropharynx is posterior to the oral fissure.
  • Laryngopharynx. The laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus beneath; both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air.

Esophagus

The esophagus or gullet, runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach.

  • Size and function. About 25 cm (10 inches) long, it is essentially a passageway that conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach.
  • Structure. The walls of the alimentary canal organs from the esophagus to the large intestine are made up of the same four basic tissue layers or tunics.
  • Mucosa. The mucosa is the innermost layer, a moist membrane that lines the cavity, or lumen, of the organ; it consists primarily of a surface epithelium, plus a minor amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) and a scanty shine muscle layer.
  • Submucosa. The submucosa is found but beneath the mucosa; it is a soft connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph nodules, and lymphatic vessels.
  • Muscularis externa. The muscularis externa is a musculus layer typically made upward of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth musculus cells.
  • Serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the wall that consists of a unmarried layer of flat serous fluid-producing cells, the visceral peritoneum.
  • Intrinsic nervus plexuses. The alimentary canal wall contains two important intrinsic nervus plexuses- the submucosal nerve plexus and the myenteric nerve plexus, both of which are networks of nerve fibers that are actually part of the autonomic nervous system and help regulate the mobility and secretory activeness of the GI tract organs.

Tummy

Different regions of the tummy have been named, and they include the following:

  • Location. The C-shaped stomach is on the left side of the abdominal cavity, well-nigh hidden past the liver and the diaphragm.
  • Function. The stomach acts as a temporary "storage tank" for food too as a site  for food breakdown.
  • Cardiac region. The cardiac region surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter, through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus.
  • Fundus. The fundus is the expanded role of the tummy lateral to the cardiac region.
  • Body. The body is the midportion, and as information technology narrows inferiorly, it becomes the pyloric antrum, and and then the funnel-shaped pylorus.
  • Pylorus. The pylorus is the terminal part of the tummy and it is continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter or valve.
  • Size. The breadbasket varies from 15 to 25 cm in length, just its diameter and book depend on how much food it contains; when information technology is total, it tin concord about 4 liters (1 gallon) of food, but when it is empty it collapses inward on itself.
  • Rugae. The mucosa of the stomach is thrown into large folds called rugae when it is empty.
  • Greater curvature. The convex lateral surface of the tum is the greater curvature.
  • Lesser curvature. The concave medial surface is the bottom curvature.
  • Bottom omentum. The bottom omentum, a double layer of peritoneum, extends from the liver to the greater curvature.
  • Greater omentum.  The greater omentum, another extension of the peritoneum, drapes downward and covers the abdominal organs like a lacy apron before attaching to the posterior torso wall, and is riddled with fat, which helps to insulate, cushion, and protect the abdominal organs.
  • Stomach mucosa. The mucosa of the stomach is a simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells that produce a protective layer of bicarbonate-rich element of group i fungus that clings to the stomach mucosa and protects the breadbasket wall from existence damaged by acid and digested past enzymes.
  • Gastric glands. This otherwise smooth lining is dotted with millions of deep gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that secrete the solution chosen gastric juice.
  • Intrinsic factor. Some stomach cells produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin b12 from the small intestine.
  • Chief cells. The chief cells produce protein-digesting enzymes, by and large pepsinogens.
  • Parietal cells. The parietal cells produce corrosive muriatic acid, which makes the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes.
  • Enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine cells produce local hormones such as gastrin, that are important to the digestive activities of the breadbasket.
  • Chyme. Later on nutrient has been processed, it resembles heavy cream and is called chyme.

Modest Intestine

The pocket-sized intestine is the torso'south major digestive organ.

  • Location. The minor intestine is a muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine.
  • Size. Information technology is the longest department of the alimentary tube, with an average length of 2.5 to 7 yard (viii to xx feet) in a living person.
  • Subdivisions. The small intestine has three subdivisions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which contribute 5 percentage, nearly forty pct, and about 60 percentage of the pocket-sized intestine, respectively.
  • Ileocecal valve. The ileum meets the large intestine at the ileocecal valve, which joins the big and small-scale intestine.
  • Hepatopancreatic ampulla. The principal pancreatic and bile ducts join at the duodenum to form the flasklike hepatopancreatic ampulla, literally, the " liver-pacreatic-enlargement".
  • Duodenal papilla. From there, the bile and pancreatic juice travel through the duodenal papilla and enter the duodenum together.
  • Microvilli. Microvilli are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that requite the cell surface a fuzzy appearance, sometimes referred to as the brush border; the plasma membranes bear enzymes (brush border enzymes) that consummate the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in the small-scale intestine.
  • Villi. Villi are fingerlike projections of the mucosa that requite it a velvety appearance and feel, much like the soft nap of a towel.
  • Lacteal. Within each villus is a rich capillary bed and a modified lymphatic capillary chosen a lacteal.
  • Circular folds. Circular folds, also called plicae circulares, are deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers, and they do not disappear when food fills the pocket-sized intestine.
  • Peyer's patches. In contrast, local collections of lymphatic tissue plant in the submucosa increase in number toward the end of the small intestine.

Large Intestine

The big intestine is much larger in diameter than the small intestine only shorter in length.

  • Size. Nearly 1.five thousand (five anxiety) long, information technology extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus.
  • Functions. Its major functions are to dry out out boxy food residue by absorbing water and to eliminate these residues from the body equally feces.
  • Subdivisions. It frames the pocket-size intestines on 3 sides and has the following subdivisions: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal culvert.
  • Cecum. The saclike cecum is the first function of the large intestine.
  • Appendix. Hanging from the cecum is the wormlike appendix, a potential trouble spot because it is an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.
  • Ascending colon. The ascending colon travels up the correct side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn, the right colic (or hepatic) flexure, to travel across the intestinal cavity.
  • Transverse colon. The ascending colon makes a plow and continuous to be the transverse colon as information technology travels across the intestinal crenel.
  • Descending colon. It then turns again at the left colic (or splenic) flexure, and continues down the left side equally the descending colon.
  • Sigmoid colon. The intestine then enters the pelvis, where it becomes the Due south-shaped sigmoid colon.
  • Anal canal. The anal canal ends at the anus which opens to the exterior.
  • External anal sphincter. The anal culvert has an external voluntary sphincter, the external anal sphincter, equanimous of skeletal muscle.
  • Internal involuntary sphincter. The internal involuntary sphincter is formed by polish muscles.

Accessory Digestive Organs

Other than the intestines and the stomach, the following are besides part of the digestive system:

Teeth

The part the teeth play in food processing needs little introduction; we masticate, or chew, by opening and closing our jaws and moving them from side to side while continuously using our tongue to movement the food between our teeth.

  • Function. The teeth tear and grind the food, breaking it down into smaller fragments.
  • Deciduous teeth. The first set of teeth is the deciduous teeth, also called baby teeth or milk teeth, and they begin to erupt around 6 months, and a infant has a full set (twenty teeth) past the age of 2 years.
  • Permanent teeth. As the 2d fix of teeth, the deeper permanent teeth, enlarge and develop, the roots of the milk teeth are reabsorbed, and betwixt the ages of 6 to 12 years they loosen and autumn out.
  • Incisors. The chisel-shaped incisors are adjusted for cutting.
  • Canines. The fanglike canines are for tearing and piercing.
  • Premolars and molars. Premolars (bicuspids) and molars accept wide crowns with round cusps ( tips) and are all-time suited for grinding.
  • Crown. The enamel-covered crown is the exposed office of the tooth to a higher place the gingiva or mucilage.
  • Enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body and is adequately brittle because information technology is heavily mineralized with calcium salts.
  • Root. The outer surface of the root is covered by a substance called cementum, which attaches the molar to the periodontal membrane (ligament).
  • Dentin. Dentin, a bonelike fabric, underlies the enamel and forms the bulk of the molar.
  • Lurid cavity. Information technology surrounds a central lurid cavity, which contains a number of structures (connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers) collectively called the pulp.
  • Root canal. Where the pulp cavity extends into the root, it becomes the root culvert, which provides a route for blood vessels, nerves, and other lurid structures to enter the pulp crenel of the tooth.

Salivary Glands

Three pairs of salivary glands empty their secretions into the mouth.

  • Parotid glands. The large parotid glands lie anterior to the ears and empty their secretions into the mouth.
  • Submandibular and sublingual glands. The submandibular and sublingual glands empty their secretions into the floor of the mouth through tiny ducts.
  • Saliva. The product of the salivary glands, saliva, is a mixture of mucus and serous fluids.
  • Salivary amylase. The clear serous portion contains an enzyme, salivary amylase, in a bicarbonate-rich juice that begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth.

Pancreas

Only the pancreas produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods.

  • Location. The pancreas is a soft, pink triangular gland that extends across the belly from the spleen to the duodenum; but nearly of the pancreas lies posterior to the parietal peritoneum, hence its location is referred to as retroperitoneal.
  • Pancreatic enzymes. The pancreatic enzymes are secreted into the duodenum in an element of group i fluid that neutralizes the acidic chyme coming in from the stomach.
  • Endocrine function. The pancreas also has an endocrine function; it produces hormones insulin and glucagon.

Liver

The liver is the largest gland in the body.

  • Location. Located under the diaphragm, more to the right side of the body, it overlies and most completely covers the tummy.
  • Falciform ligament. The liver has four lobes and is suspended from the diaphragm and intestinal wall by a delicate mesentery string, the falciform ligament.
  • Function. The liver's digestive function is to produce bile.
  • Bile. Bile is a xanthous-to-green, watery solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, and a variety of electrolytes.
  • Bile salts. Bile does not comprise enzymes but its bile salts emulsify fats by physically breaking large fatty globules into smaller ones, thus providing more surface surface area for the fat-digesting enzymes to piece of work on.

Gallbladder

While in the gallbladder, bile is concentrated by the removal of water.

  • Location. The gallbladder is a small, thin-walled greenish sac that snuggles in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver.
  • Cystic duct. When nutrient digestion is not occurring, bile backs upwards the cystic duct and enters the gallbladder to exist stored.

Physiology of the Digestive Organisation

Specifically, the digestive organization takes in food (ingests information technology), breaks information technology downwardly physically and chemically into nutrient molecules (digests it), and absorbs the nutrients into the bloodstream, then, it rids the body of indigestible remains (defecates).

Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

The activities that occur in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus are food ingestion, nutrient breakdown, and food propulsion.

Food Ingestion and Breakdown

Once food is placed in the rima oris, both mechanical and chemical digestion begin.

  • Physical breakdown. First, the food is physically cleaved down into smaller particles by chewing.
  • Chemical breakdown. Then, as the nutrient is mixed with saliva, salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of starch, breaking it downwardly into maltose.
  • Stimulation of saliva. When food enters the mouth, much larger amounts of saliva pour out; however, the elementary pressure of anything put into the oral cavity and chewed volition also stimulate the release of saliva.
  • Passageways. The throat and the esophagus accept no digestive role; they simply provide passageways to carry food to the next processing site, the stomach.

Nutrient Propulsion – Swallowing and Peristalsis

For food to be sent on its fashion to the rima oris, it must first exist swallowed.

  • Deglutition. Deglutition, or swallowing, is a complex process that involves the coordinated activity of several structures (tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus).
  • Buccal phase of deglutition. The start phase, the voluntary buccal phase, occurs in the mouth; once the food has been chewed and well mixed with saliva, the bolus (food mass) is forced into the pharynx by the tongue.
  • Pharyngeal-esophageal phase. The second phase, the involuntary pharyngeal-esophageal phase, transports food through the pharynx and esophagus; the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous organisation controls this stage and promotes the mobility of the digestive organs from this point on.
  • Nutrient routes. All routes that the food may take, except the desired route distal into the digestive tract, are blocked off; the tongue blocks off the mouth; the soft palate closes off the nasal passages; the larynx rises so that its opening is covered by the flaplike epiglottis.
  • Stomach entrance. Once nutrient reaches the distal stop of the esophagus, it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter, causing it to open, and food enters the stomach.

Activities of the Stomach

The activities of the stomach involve nutrient breakdown and food propulsion.

Food Breakup

The sight, smell, and taste of nutrient stimulate parasympathetic nervous organization reflexes, which increase the secretion of gastric juice by the stomach glands

  • Gastric juice. Secretion of gastric juice is regulated by both neural and hormonal factors.
  • Gastrin. The presence of nutrient and a rise pH in the stomach stimulate the stomach cells to release the hormone gastrin, which prods the stomach glands to produce nevertheless more than of the protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogen), fungus, and hydrochloric acid.
  • Pepsinogen. The extremely acidic surround that muriatic acid provides is necessary, because it activates pepsinogen to pepsin, the active protein-digesting enzyme.
  • Rennin. Rennin, the second protein-digesting enzyme produced by the tummy, works primarily on milk protein and converts it to a substance that looks like sour milk.
  • Food entry. As nutrient enters and fills the stomach, its wall begins to stretch (at the same fourth dimension as the gastric juices are being secreted).
  • Stomach wall activation. And so the three muscle layers of the tummy wall become active; they compress and pummel the food, breaking it autonomously physically, all the while continuously mixing the food with the enzyme-containing gastric juice so that the semifluid chyme is formed.

Food Propulsion

Peristalsis is responsible for the move of food towards the digestive site until the intestines.

  • Peristalsis. Once the food has been well mixed, a rippling peristalsis begins in the upper one-half of the stomach, and the contractions increase in forcefulness equally the food approaches the pyloric valve.
  • Pyloric passage. The pylorus of the breadbasket, which holds virtually 30 ml of chyme, acts like a meter that allows only liquids and very small particles to pass through the pyloric sphincter; and because the pyloric sphincter barely opens, each contraction of the tum muscle squirts iii ml or less of chyme into the small-scale intestine.
  • Enterogastric reflex. When the duodenum is filled with chyme and its wall is stretched, a nervous reflex, the enterogastric reflex, occurs; this reflex "puts the brakes on" gastric activity and slows the emptying of the tum by inhibiting the vagus fretfulness and tightening the pyloric sphincter, thus allowing time for intestinal processing to catch upwards.

Activities of the Minor Intestine

The activities of the small intestine are food breakdown and assimilation and food propulsion.

Food Breakup and Absorption

Nutrient reaching the small intestine is only partially digested.

  • Digestion. Food reaching the pocket-size intestine is only partially digested; carbohydrate and protein digestion has begun, only about no fats take been digested up to this point.
  • Castor edge enzymes. The microvilli of small intestine cells bears a few important enzymes, the and so-called brush border enzymes, that break down double sugars into simple sugars and complete protein digestion.
  • Pancreatic juice. Foods entering the minor intestine are literally deluged with enzyme-rich pancreatic juice ducted in from the pancreas, as well as bile from the liver; pancreatic juice contains enzymes that, along with brush edge enzymes, complete the digestion of starch, bear out well-nigh half of the poly peptide digestion, and are totally responsible for fatty digestion and digestion of nucleic acids.
  • Chyme stimulation. When chyme enters the small-scale intestine, it stimulates the mucosa cells to produce several hormones; two of these are secretin and cholecystokinin which influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile.
  • Absorption. Absorption of h2o and of the finish products of digestion occurs all along the length of the small-scale intestine; most substances are absorbed through the intestinal prison cell plasma membranes past the procedure of active transport.
  • Diffusion. Lipids or fats are absorbed passively by the procedure of diffusion.
  • Droppings. At the end of the ileum, all that remains are some water, indigestible food materials, and big amounts of bacteria; this debris enters the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.

Nutrient Propulsion

Peristalsis is the major means of propelling food through the digestive tract.

  • Peristalsis. The net effect is that the food is moved through the small intestine in much the same way that toothpaste is squeezed from the tube.
  • Constrictions. Rhythmic segmental movements produce local constrictions of the intestine that mix the chyme with the digestive juices, and assist to propel nutrient through the intestine.

Activities of the Big Intestine

The activities of the large intestine are food breakdown and absorption and defecation.

Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption

What is finally delivered to the large intestine contains few nutrients, only that rest yet has 12 to 24 hours more than to spend at that place.

  • Metabolism. The "resident" bacteria that live in its lumen metabolize some of the remaining nutrients, releasing gases (methane and hydrogen sulfide) that contribute to the smell of feces.
  • Flatus. About l ml of gas (flatus) is produced each 24-hour interval, much more than when certain carbohydrate-rich foods are eaten.
  • Absorption. Absorption by the big intestine is limited to the assimilation of vitamin K, some B vitamins, some ions, and most of the remaining water.
  • Feces. Carrion, the more or less solid product delivered to the rectum, contains undigested food residues, fungus, millions of bacteria, and but enough water to allow their smooth passage.

Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation

When presented with residue, the colon becomes mobile, merely its contractions are sluggish or short-lived.

  • Haustral contractions. The movements most seen in the colon are haustral contractions, irksome segmenting movements lasting about one minute that occur every thirty minutes or so.
  • Propulsion. As the haustrum fills with food residuum, the amplification stimulates its musculus to contract, which propels the luminal contents into the adjacent haustrum.
  • Mass movements. Mass movements are long, deadening-moving, but powerful contractile waves that motility over big areas of the colon iii or four times daily and force the contents toward the rectum.
  • Rectum. The rectum is by and large empty, just when feces are forced into it by mass movements and its wall is stretched, the defecation reflex is initiated.
  • Defecation reflex. The defecation reflex is a spinal (sacral region) reflex that causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and anal sphincters to relax.
  • Impulses. As the feces is forced into the anal culvert, letters accomplish the encephalon giving united states of america time to make a decision equally to whether the external voluntary sphincter should remain open up or be constricted to stop passage of feces.
  • Relaxation. Within a few seconds, the reflex contractions end and rectal walls relax; with the next mass movement, the defecation reflex is initiated again.

Practice Quiz: Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology

Here'southward a 10-item quiz virtually the study guide. Delight visit our nursing test banking company page for more NCLEX exercise questions.

1. All of these are among the iv tunics found throughout the digestive tract EXCEPT:

A. Mucosa
B. Glandulosa
C. Submucosa
D. Muscularis

1. Answer: B. Glandulosa

  • B:The fourth, or outermost, layer of the digestive tract is either a serosa or an adventitia .
  • A: The innermost tunic, the mucosa , consists of mucous epithelium, a loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, and a thin smooth muscle layer, the muscularis mucosa.
  • C: The submucosa lies just outside the mucosa. Information technology is a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small-scale glands. An extensive network of nerve cell processes from a plexus.
  • D: The next tunic is the muscularis , which in most parts of the digestive tube consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal shine musculus.

2. Which of the following are functions of the tongue? Select all that apply.

A. Crucial organ for spoken communication
B. Primary organ for taste
C. Vital for swallowing food
D. Manipulates food for mastication
East. All of these are functions of the tongue

2. Answer: Due east. All of these are functions of the tongue

  • E: The tongue is a large, muscular organ that occupies about of the oral crenel. It moves food in the mouth and, in cooperation with the lips and cheeks, holds the food in place during mastication. It also plays a major role in the process of swallowing. The tongue is a major sensory organ for gustatory modality, too every bit existence i of the major organs of speech.

3. Each quadrant of the adult mouth holds ___ incisors, ___ canines, ___ premolars, and ___ molars.

A. 1, 2, 3, 2
B. 1, 2, two, iii
C. ii, i, 3, 2
D. 2, 1, 2, 3

iii. Respond: D. two, 1, 2, 3

  • D: In that location are 32 teeth in the normal adult mouth, located in the mandible and maxillae. The teeth tin be divided into quadrants: right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower. In adults, each quadrant contains one central and one lateral incisor; one canine; start and second premolars; and first, second, and third molars.

4. Which of these is NOT a pair of salivary glands?

A. Parotid
B. Submandibular
C. Submucosal
D. Sublingual

4. Answer: C. Submucosal

  • A:The largest of the salivary glands, the parotid glands , are serous glands located just anterior to each ear. Parotid ducts enter the oral cavity adjacent to the second upper molars.
  • B: The submandibular glands produce more serous than mucous secretions. Each gland can exist felt as a soft lump along the inferior border of the mandible. The submandibular ducts open into the oral crenel on each side of the frenulum of the tongue.
  • D: The sublingual glands, the smallest of the three paired salivary glands, produce primarily mucous secretions. They prevarication immediately below the mucous membrane in the floor of the oral cavity.

five. Which statement about the esophagus is TRUE? Select all that use.

A. Information technology is a cartilaginous tube.
B. It extends from the nasal cavity to the stomach.
C. It lies anterior to the trachea.
D. Information technology has upper and lower sphincters.
E. All statements draw the esophagus.

5. Answer: D. It has upper and lower sphincters.

  • D: Upper and lower esophageal sphincters, located at the upper and lower ends of the esophagus, respectively, regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus.
  • A: The esophagus is a muscular tube, lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium.
  • B: It extends from the pharynx to the breadbasket. It is about 25 centimeters (cm) long.
  • C: It lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea inside the mediastinum.

half dozen. All of these structures are matched with the correct description EXCEPT:

A. Cardiac region: the area closest to the minor intestine
B. Fundus: the most superior portion of the stomach
C. Pyloric opening: opening from the stomach into the small intestine
D. Torso: the largest portion of the breadbasket

half-dozen. Reply: A. Cardiac region: the area closest to the small intestine

  • A: The opening from the esophagus into the stomach is called the cardiac opening because it is near the middle. The region of the tummy around the cardiac opening is called the cardiac region .
  • B: The most superior part of the tummy is the fundus .
  • C :The opening from the tummy into the modest intestine is the pyloric opening , which is surrounded by a relatively thick ring of smooth musculus called the pyloric sphincter . The region of the tummy near the pyloric opening is the pyloric region .
  • D: The largest part of the breadbasket is the body , which turns to the right, forming a greater curvature on the left, and a lesser curvature on the right.

7. The saliva does Non contain:

A. Amylase
B. Lysozyme
C. Mucin
D. Muriatic acid

seven. Answer: D. Hydrochloric acid

  • D: Saliva does not comprise muriatic acid.
  • A: The serous role of saliva, produced mainly past the parotid and submandibular glands, contains a digestive enzyme chosen salivary amylase .
  • B: Saliva prevents bacterial infection in the mouth past washing the oral crenel, and it contains lysozyme , which has a weak antibacterial activity.
  • C: The serous office of saliva dissolves molecules, which must exist in solution to stimulate taste receptors. The mucous secretions of the submandibular and sublingual glands contain a large corporeality of mucin , a proteoglycan that gives a lubricating quality tot he secretions of the salivary glands.

eight. Which statements best describe mechanical digestion? Select all that apply.

A. It breaks large food particles into smaller ones.
B. Information technology involves the breaking of covalent chemic bonds in organic molecules by digestive enzymes.
C. Information technology begins in the tummy, where some small, lipid-soluble molecules, such as alcohol and aspirin, can diffuse through the stomach epithelium into the circulation.
D. It requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, cotransport, and active transport.
Eastward. All the statements draw mechanical digestion.

eight. Respond: A. It breaks large food particles into smaller ones.

  • A: Mechanical digestion breaks big food particles down into smaller ones.
  • B: Chemical digestion involves the breaking of covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules by digestive enzymes.
  • C: Assimilation begins in the tummy, where some small, lipid-soluble molecules, such as alcohol and aspirin, can diffuse through the breadbasket epithelium into the circulation.
  • D: Send  requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, cotransport, and active transport.

9. The greatest book of gastric secretion occurs during:

A. Cephalic phase
B. Gastric phase
C. Intestinal stage
D. Deglutition

9. Reply: B. Gastric phase

  • B: The gastric phase is the period of greatest gastric secretion. This phase is responsible for the greatest volume of gastric secretions, and it is activated past the presence of food in the stomach.
  • A: The cephalic stage of stomach secretion is anticipatory and prepares the tummy to receive food. In the cephalic phase, sensations of taste, the smell of food, stimulation of tactile receptors during the process of chewing and swallowing, and pleasant thoughts of food stimulate centers within the medulla oblongata that influence gastric secretions.
  • C: The abdominal phase of gastric secretion primarily inhibits gastric secretions. It is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. The presence of chyme in the duodenum initiates both neural and hormonal mechanisms.
  • D: Deglutition the action or procedure of swallowing.

10. Which of the following produce gastrin?

A. Mucous neck cells
B. Parietal cells
C. Principal cells
D. Endocrine cells
E. Surface mucous cells

10. Answer: D. Endocrine cells

  • D: Endocrine cells produce gastrin.
  • A: Mucous cervix cells are constitute in the necks of the gastric pits.
  • B: Parietal cells produce HCl.
  • C: Chief cells produce pepsinogen
  • Due east: Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells are fungus-producing cells which encompass the within of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid.

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Source: https://nurseslabs.com/digestive-system/

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